Fatores que afetam os índices antropométricos infantis: um enfoque nas famílias monoparentais femininas / Factors that influence children`s anthropometric indices: a focus on female single-parent families

Resumo Nas últimas décadas aconteceram várias alterações no padrão de organização das famílias, como mudanças no tamanho, estrutura e composição. Dentre os novos arranjos familiares, destaca-se o crescimento de famílias monoparentais femininas. Este arranjo tende a se encontrar em situação de maior vulnerabilidade social em relação a outros arranjos. Diante disso, este estudo buscou analisar a relação entre o arranjo monoparental feminino e o estado nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos, com dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF/IBGE) de 2008-2009. Para isso, estimaram-se duas equações para análise de índices antropométricos, tendo como variáveis dependentes o escore z da "altura para idade" e o escore z do "peso para altura". Os resultados mostraram que, controlando para outras variáveis importantes como renda, escolaridade e características domiciliares, pertencer ao arranjo "monoparental feminino" teve efeito positivo sobre o escore z da "altura para idade" quando comparado ao arranjo "casal com filhos", indicando que a presença da mãe, sem o cônjuge, contribui para melhorar esse indicador de saúde de longo prazo.

Abstract In the last decades several alterations have occurred in the dynamics of the organization of families, including changes in size, structure, and composition. Among new family arrangements, the increase in female single-parent families stands out. This structure tends to be in a situation of greater social vulnerability in relation to other arrangements. With this in mind, the scope of this study sought to analyze the relationship between the female single-parent family arrangement and anthropometric measurements of under five-year-old offspring, with data from the 2008-2009 Brazilian household budget survey (POF/IBGE). Two equations for the analysis of anthropometric measurements, with the z-score of "height-for-age" and the z-score of "weight-for-height" as dependent variables, were estimated. The results revealed that, taking other important variables into consideration, such as income, education and domestic characteristics pertaining to the "female single-parent" arrangement, had a positive effect on anthropometric measurements when compared with the "couple with children" arrangement, indicating that in households in which the mother does not have a spouse in residence, children had better long-term health indicators than in households in which the spouse was present.

The adoption process in single-parent families / O processo de adoção na familia monoparental

INTRODUCTION: Social changes that have occurred in recent decades regarding the organization of families and gender roles have legitimized and given visibility to family arrangements that diverge from the traditional model. It is therefore important to study single-parent adoptive families and their specificities. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the adoption process and the arrival of the child in single-parent families. METHODS: Four adoptive mothers and one adoptive father, aged between 31 and 56 years, with children aged zero to five years at adoption were interviewed. The interviews portrayed the motivation and adoption process, the expectation of the arrival of the child, and the experience of single parenthood. The Thematic Analysis framework was adopted to explore the data. RESULTS: The adoption was motivated by the desire to start or expand the family and exercise parenting. The time waiting for the arrival of the child was used for the emotional and financial preparation to receive the new member of the family, and fears and anxieties related to the adoptive process were experienced. The children's adaptation occurred in a short period and it was necessary for the participants to adapt their routine to the new family situation. In all cases, family support was observed. Conclusion: The preparation for adoption benefited the parent-child adaptation process. The participation of the extended family as well as guidance from technical staff were relevant to the families.

INTRODUÇÃO: AIntrodução: Mudanças sociais ocorridas nas últimas décadas no que tange a organização das famílias e aos papéis de gênero, legitimaram e deram visibilidade a arranjos familiares que divergem do modelo tradicional. Assim, considera-se importante estudar a família monoparental adotiva e suas especificidades. OBJETIVO: Analisar o processo de adoção e a chegada da criança nas famílias monoparentais. MÉTODO: Foram entrevistados quatro mães e um pai, entre 31 e 56 anos, cujos filhos foram adotados com idades entre zero a cinco anos. As entrevistas abordaram a motivação, o processo de adoção, a espera e chegada da criança, e a vivência da monoparentalidade, e foram analisadas com o referencial da Análise Temática. RESULTADO: A motivação para a adoção foi advinda do desejo de constituir ou ampliar a família e exercer a parentalidade. A espera pela criança foi um momento de preparação emocional e financeira para o acolhimento do novo membro e medos e ansiedades relacionados ao processo adotivo foram vivenciados. A adaptação das crianças ocorreu em curto período e foi necessário que os participantes adaptassem sua rotina à nova situação familiar. Em todos os casos foi verificado o acolhimento e apoio da família extensa. CONCLUSÃO: A preparação para a adoção favoreceu o processo de adaptação pais-crianças. A participação da família extensa, bem como as orientações da equipe técnica foram relevantes para as famílias.

The experience of being a mother of a child with autism in the singleparenthood context / La experiencia de ser madre de un hijo con autismo en el contexto de la familia monoparental

Este estudo objetivou conhecer a experiência de ser mãe de um filho com autismo no contexto da monoparetalidade. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual participaram quatro mães de filhos com transtorno do espectro autista. Utilizou-se de entrevista semiestruturada. Posteriormente, os dados foram submetidos à análise textual qualitativa. Os resultados revelaram que os sentimentos e desafios são semelhantes aos de mães de filhos com autismo que não vivem no contexto monoparental. Acredita-se que a diferença possa estar na intensidade, isto é, na monoparentalidade, as dificuldades podem ser agravadas pela ausência de um companheiro. Sobre a possibilidade de um novo relacionamento afetivo, quando há, mesmo que remota, não está centrada na necessidade de auxílio nos cuidados com o filho, mas no apoio emocional. Entre os fatores que contribuem para a manutenção da monoparentalidade, destacam-se a priorização do papel materno, a adolescência do filho, além de uma rede de apoio restrita.

This study aimed to learn about the experience of mothering a child with Autism in a single-parent context. Four mothers of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder were the subjects of a qualitative research. A semi-structured interview was used. Afterwards, the data were submitted to qualitative textual analysis. The results revealed that the feelings and challenges they experience are similar to those from mothers who are not in the single-parent context. It is believed that the difference might be concerning the intensity, that is, in the single-parent context, as the difficulties might be enhanced due to the absence of a partner. About the possibility of a new emotional relationship, when there is one, though remote, it is not centered on the need for help to provide childcare but to gain emotional support. Among the factors that contribute to the maintenance of singleparenting, we can highlight the prioritization of the mother role, the child’s adolescence in addition to a restrict supportive back-up.

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la experiencia de ser madre de un niño con autismo en el contexto de familias monoparentales. Fue realizada una investigación cualitativa, en la cual participaron cuatro madres de hijos con trastorno del Espectro Autista. Fueron utilizadas entrevistas semiestructuradas y posteriormente, los datos fueron sometidos al análisis textual cualitativo. Los resultados revelaron que los sentimientos y desafíos son semejantes a los de madres de niños con autismo que no viven en contexto monoparental. Se cree que la diferencia pueda estar en la intensidad, esto es, en la monoparentalidad, las dificultades pueden ser agravadas por la ausencia de un compañero. Sobre la posibilidad de una nueva relación afectiva, cuando existe, aunque sea remota, no está centrada en la necesidad de auxilio en los cuidados con el hijo, pero sí en el apoyo emocional. Entre los factores que pueden contribuir al mantenimiento de la monoparentalidad, destacamos la priorización de la función materna y la adolescencia del niño, además de una red de apoyo restringida.

The Differences in Obesity Rates According to Status of Co-Residence with Their Parents in Korean Adolescents: The Implication of the Gender of Single Parent Living with Adolescents

BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported that adolescents living with single parent have a high risk of obesity. However, those studies did not explore the implication of the gender of single parent living with adolescents. This study investigated the differences in obesity rates according to status of co-residence with their parents in Korean adolescents. The family living with single parent was classified into the family living with single father and the family living with single mother. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 59,602 adolescents who participated in the 2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The data on height, weight, status of co-residence with parents, and the other variables were obtained through online questionnaires. RESULTS: In male adolescents, the family living with single mother was related to a high proportion of obesity (odds ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.40) and overweight (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03–1.34). However, in female adolescents, the family living with single father was related to a high proportion of obesity (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.23–1.82). In addition, female adolescents living with neither parent were more likely to be obese (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.13–1.91) and overweight (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.00–1.70). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a risk of obesity in adolescents living with single parent differs according to the gender of single parent living with adolescents. Not adolescents living with a same-gender parent, but those living with an opposite-gender parent have a high risk of obesity.

Influência das composições familiares monoparentais no desenvolvimento da criança: revisão de literatura / Influence of single-parent families on child development: literature review / Influencia de las composiciones de la familia monoparental en el desarrollo del niño: revisión de la literatura

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura para identificar a influência da composição familiar monoparental sobre o desenvolvimento infantil, considerando as bases de dados LILACS, PsyINFO, SciELO e BVS e o período de janeiro de 2010 a abril de 2015. Nos seis artigos selecionados identificou-se o ano da publicação, o país de origem e o foco do estudo, bem como suas características metodológicas e principais resultados encontrados. Os resultados apontam para o aumento do risco para o desenvolvimento de transtornos psíquicos, desenvolvimento de problemas comportamentais e de aprendizagem e destacam a importância de intervenções multidisciplinares junto às famílias, principalmente nos âmbitos social e psicológico, que visem a auxiliar seus membros no desempenho dos seus papéis e funções.

The aim of the study was to conduct a literature review to identify the influence of single-parent families on child development. Consulted databases were LILACS, PsycINFO, SciELO and BVS on the period of January 2010 to April 2015. In the six selected articles we identified the year of publication, country of origin and the focus of the study, as well as its methodological features and main findings. Results indicate an increased risk of developing psychological disorders, development of behavioral and learning problems and highlight the importance of multidisciplinary interventions with families, especially in social and psychological spheres, aiming to assist its members in the performance of their roles and functions.

El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar la literatura para identificar la influencia de la composición familiar monoparental en el desarrollo infantil, teniendo en cuenta las bases de datos LILACS, PsycINFO, SciELO y BVS y el período comprendido entre enero de 2010 y abril de 2015. Los seis artículos seleccionados fueron identificados por su año de publicación, país de origen y el foco del estudio, así como sus características metodológicas y conclusiones principales. Los resultados indican un mayor riesgo de desarrollar trastornos psicológicos, desarrollo de problemas de conducta y aprendizaje y destacan la importancia de las intervenciones multidisciplinares en las familias, sobre todo en la esfera social y psicológica, que busquen auxiliar a sus miembros en el desarrollo de sus roles y funciones.

A Study on Sociodemographic and Psychological Factors Affecting the Quality of Life in Urban-Dwelling Single Mothers / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine socio-demographic and psychological variables and the correlation of their factors with quality of life (QOL) in urban-dwelling single mothers. METHODS: Participants were 195 single mothers living in an urban community in South Korea. Participants completed self-report questionnaires examining socio-demographic characteristics and including the following self-rating scales : the global assessment of recent stress, the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale, the scale for suicidal ideation, the Korean version of the alcohol use disorder identification test, and the World Health Organization QOL assessment instrument. RESULTS: Regarding socio-demographic variables, high educational level (p=0.009), high monthly income (p<0.001), living in own house (p<0.001), and divorced or separated on economic grounds (p<0.001) showed significantly high QOL in single mothers. Age (r=0.208, p=0.004) showed significant positive correlation with QOL ; stress (r=-0.254, p<0.001), depressive symptoms (r=-0.314, p<0.001), suicidal ideation (r=-0.217, p<0.001), and alcohol-related problems (r=-0.363, p<0.001) showed significant negative correlation with QOL. In multiple regression analysis, alcohol-related problems, financial cause of single motherhood, depressive symptoms, and income explained 37.7% of variance in total QOL. CONCLUSION: Interventions to promote QOL of single mothers should reduce the social burden and psychological problems on single mothers. Specifically, interventions providing psychological support should target new single mothers in order to reduce distress in single-mother families.

Family structure and use of prenatal care / Estrutura familiar e uso de cuidados pré-natais / Estructura familiar y utilización de servicios de cuidados prenatales

This cross-sectional study intended to assess the use of prenatal care according to the family structure in a population with free universal access to prenatal care. In 2005-2006, the Portuguese birth cohort was assembled by the recruitment of puerperae at public maternity wards in Porto, Portugal. In the current analysis, 7,211 were included. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, and prenatal care were self-reported. Single mothers were considered as those whose household composition did not include a partner at delivery. Approximately 6% of the puerperae were single mothers. These women were more likely to have an unplanned pregnancy (OR = 6.30; 95%CI: 4.94-8.04), an inadequate prenatal care (OR = 2.30; 95%CI: 1.32-4.02), and to miss the ultrasound and the intake of folic acid supplements during the first trimester of pregnancy (OR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.30-2.27; and OR = 1.67; 95%CI: 1.32-2.13, respectively). The adequacy and use of prenatal care was less frequent in single mothers. Educational interventions should reinforce the use and early initiation of prenatal care.

Este estudo transversal pretende avaliar a utilização dos cuidados pré-natais segundo a estrutura familiar, numa população com acesso universal e gratuito a estes cuidados. Em 2005-2006, puérperas foram recrutadas em maternidades públicas do Porto, Portugal, na coorte de nascimento portuguesa. Nesta análise, foram incluídas 7.211 mulheres. Dados sobre as características sociodemográficas, antecedentes obstétricos e cuidados pré-natais foram reportados. Definiram-se como mães monoparentais todas aquelas que não viviam em casal na altura do parto. Cerca de 6% eram mães monoparentais. Essas mulheres eram mais propensas a ter uma gravidez não planejada (OR = 6,30; IC95%: 4,94-8,04), cuidados pré-natais inadequados (OR = 2,30; IC95%: 1,32-4,02) e a não realizar uma ecografia e iniciar a ingestão de ácido fólico durante o primeiro trimestre da gravidez (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,30-2,27; e OR = 1,67; IC95%: 1,32-2,13, respectivamente). A adequação e utilização de cuidados pré-natais foram menos frequentes em mães monoparentais. As intervenções educativas devem reforçar o uso e início precoce dos cuidados pré-natais.

Este estudio transversal pretende evaluar la utilización de la atención prenatal, de acuerdo con la estructura familiar, en una población con acceso universal y gratuito a la atención prenatal. En 2005-2006, se seleccionaron puérperas en maternidades públicas de Porto, Portugal en una cohorte de nacimientos portuguesa. En el análisis, se incluyeron 7.211. Se informaron sobre datos como: características sociodemográficas, historia obstétrica y atención prenatal. Las madres monoparentales son las que no tenían un compañero en el momento del parto. Aproximadamente un 6% eran madres monoparentales. Estas tenían más probabilidades de tener un embarazo no planificado (OR = 6,30; IC95%: 4,94-8,04), atención prenatal inadecuada (OR = 2,30; IC95%: 1,32-4,02), y perder la ecografía y la ingesta de ácido fólico durante el primer trimestre del embarazo (OR = 1,71; IC95% 1,30-2,27; y OR = 1,67; IC95%: 1,32-2,13; respectivamente). La adecuación y el uso de la atención prenatal fueron menos frecuentes en las madres monoparentales. Las intervenciones educativas deben promover el uso y el inicio temprano de la atención prenatal.

Límites, reglas, comunicación en familia monoparental Con hijos adolescentes / Boundaries, rules, interactional communication in single-parent family with family with teenage children

En este artículo se hace una revisión fundamentada en investigaciones a nivel local, nacional e internacional sobre los cambios que en la contemporaneidad han afectado la estructura familiar y han contribuido a nuevos tipos de familia. En este caso, el interés ha sido analizar las conclusiones de los investigadores sobre las familias monoparentales con hijos adolescentes encontrando diferencias en los resultados. Algunos investigadores señalan que este tipo de familia coloca en riesgo a los hijos adolescentes en temas de drogadicción, delincuencia; otros expresan que no se puede generalizar a todas las familias monoparentales, por esto es importante estudiar la función que desempeña el padre o la madre que lidera la familia, para favorecer el desarrollo psicológico de los hijos. Por lo anterior, se pretende estudiar en las familias monoparentales que se encuentran en la etapa vital de la adolescencia, su dinámica, especialmente los límites, reglas y comunicación interaccional como aspectos que organizan la convivencia en pro del desarrollo de sus integrantes, en especial de los adolescentes que están en la tarea vital de forjar su identidad.

This article reviews local, national and international research on the changes that have affected the contemporary family structure and have contributed to new types of family. In this case, interest has centered in know the conclusions of the researchers on single-parent families with teenagers because they have found differences in the outcomes. Some researchers point out that this type of family place the children at risk for substance abuse, crime, etc., while others say that cannot be generalized to all single- parent families. So it is important to study the role of the father leading the family, the role exerted to promote the psychological development of children. Thus we wish to study in single-parent families that are in the life stage of adolescence, its dynamics, especially limits, rules and interactional communication as aspects that organize coexistence favoring the development of its members especially teenagers in the vital task of forging their identity.

O impacto da hospitalização infantil nas rotinas das famílias monoparentais / The impact of child hospitalization on the everyday lives of single parent families / Impacto de la internación infantil en las rutinas de las familias monoparentales

Pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa realizada em uma unidade de internação pediátrica com o objetivo de compreender o impacto da hospitalização infantil nas rotinas das famílias monoparentais. Foram entrevistadas 12 famílias, representadas pelas mães, através de um formulário dividido em duas partes: construção do genograma e ecomapa e questões semiestruturadas. Foi usado o método de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam que a dependência da rede de apoio familiar e a dificuldade de um olhar individualizado para as diferentes formas de família por parte dos profissionais e das instituições para atenderem às demandas das famílias são os principais fatores que causam o impacto nas rotinas diárias das famílias monoparentais. Conclui-se que há necessidade de uma reflexão e revisão das práticas e normas institucionais visando ao atendimento das reais peculiaridades e necessidades do cotidiano das famílias contemporâneas.

This qualitative descriptive study was performed at a pediatric hospitalization unit with the objective to understand the impact of child hospitalization on the daily lives of single parent families. Interviews were conducted with twelve families, represented by the mothers, using a form divided into two parts: construction of the genogram and ecomap and semi-structured questions. Content analysis was used. The results point out that the major factors affecting the everyday lives of single parent families is the dependency on the family support network and the difficulty that both healthcare professionals and institutions have in developing an individualized look at the different family structures when providing their needs. In conclusion, there is a need for thinking and reviewing institutional practices and norms aiming at meeting the true particularities and needs of the everyday lives of today's families.

Investigación descriptiva de abordaje cualitativo, realizada en unidad de internación pediátrica, objetivando comprender el impacto de la internación infantil en las rutinas de familias monoparentales. Fueron entrevistadas 12 familias, representadas por las madres, mediante formulario dividido en dos partes: construcción del genograma y ecomapa, y preguntas semiestructuradas. Se utilizó el método de análisis de contenido. Los resultados expresan que la dependencia de la red de apoyo familiar y la dificultad de una visión individualizada para los diferentes modelos de familia por parta de los profesionales y de las instituciones para atender la demanda de las familias son los principales factores que impactan en las rutinas diarias de las familias monoparentales. Se concluye en que existe necesidad de reflexión y revisión de prácticas y normas institucionales, apuntando a la atención de las auténticas peculiaridades y necesidades cotidianas de las familias contemporáneas.

Comparison of the Factors Influencing Children's Self-esteem between Two Parent Families and Single Parent Families

PURPOSE: This study was done to compare factors influencing children's self-esteem between two parent families and single parent families. METHODS: The participants were 692 children aged 11 to 13 yr (388 in two parent families and 304 in single parent families) recruited from 20 community agencies and 5 elementary schools in Gyeonggi Province and Seoul City, South Korea. Data were collected from May to July, 2007 using a survey questionnaire containing items on self-esteem, internal control, problematic behavior, school record, family hardiness, parent-child communication and social support. The data were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 program and factors affecting children's self-esteem were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: Scores for the study variables were significantly different between the two groups. The factors influencing children's self-esteem were also different according to family type. For two parent families, internal control, problematic behavior, school record, and parent-child communication significantly predicted the level of self-esteem (adjusted R2=.505, p<.001). For single parent families, social support, family hardiness, internal control, problematic behavior, school record, and parent-child communication significantly predicted the level of self-esteem (adjusted R2=.444, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Nurse working with children should consider family type-specific factors influencing their self-esteem.